Liquid–solid interface chemistry in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is a fascinating area that bridges surface science, electrochemistry, and energy harvesting ⚡๐ฌ. At the heart of TENG operation lies the interaction between liquid molecules and solid surfaces, where charge transfer occurs through contact electrification. Factors such as surface roughness, functional groups, wettability, and ionic concentration significantly influence the efficiency of charge generation ๐ง. Understanding these interfacial mechanisms helps researchers optimize materials and enhance the electrical output of TENG systems.

The structural design of liquid–solid interfaces plays a crucial role in improving performance ๐งช✨. Advanced micro/nanostructured surfaces, hydrophobic coatings, and engineered polymers are widely used to maximize contact area and charge separation. Materials like graphene, metal oxides, and flexible polymers contribute to higher durability and sensitivity ๐. By tailoring interface chemistry and surface morphology, scientists can create highly efficient, stable, and scalable nanogenerators suitable for diverse environments.
TENGs based on liquid–solid interfaces have promising applications in self-powered systems and sustainable technologies ๐ฑ๐. They are used in environmental monitoring, wearable electronics, biomedical devices, and blue energy harvesting from ocean waves ๐. These systems offer a green alternative to conventional power sources, enabling energy generation from everyday motions and natural resources. As research advances, liquid–solid interface chemistry will continue to drive innovation in next-generation energy solutions ๐
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